From
Cynthia Enloe's Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's
Lives Ch.3
"The Prostitute, The Colonel, and the Nationalist"
Anti-prostitution
plank dumped from US Beijing Agenda
Intra-feminist
debate re: prost. As a violation of Women’s Human Right (p. 50)
Ambivalence/
no either or
Ditto
military policy about: deeply ambivalent
So many
men have had expectations and fantasies about Women shaped by their participation
in militarized prostitution (51)
Military
politics attempt to shape a certain kind of masculinity
Military
policy on prostitution foreshadows policies on rape, sexual harassment,
morale, homosexuality, pornography, and marriage
Conception
of “sex” w/in patriarchal ideology
= respectable and fallen/bad
= respectable women distance themselves from sex workers
= helps maintain system
Political
and business negotiations between base commanders and municipal authorities
create policy;
On-the-ground
decisions about how to deal w/bar room brawls and venereal disease drive
policies (w/in ideological frameworks – for example: anti-VD campaigns
as a category for thinking about prostition p. 62ish)
Masks
prostitution as an industry that is part of a national security apparatus
Racialized
sexual categorizing (p. 61)
1917
East End Riots
WWII
Lesbians forced into prostitution for german troops and workers
1942
– 45—American government had power to arrest any woman suspected
of sexual delinquency and VD test them (65 – ref. Contagious Diseases
Acts)
clearly
puts state in control of women’s bodies
conflates
military, police, medical powers
arrests
for “Moral Violations” increased 90% between 1940 –
44
=
militarized lives, where local governments directed by military desire
and needs
Vietnam:
Process of women becoming property for sale
Resisted
during French occupation
Vietnam:
White men were known to kill VN women who sold sex to both black and white
men
Military
and Tourism: military prostitution industry evolves into trousit/trade prostitution
Child
Prostitution: Young girls kidnapped from rural families and sold to brothels
(70 – Thailand)
Mixed-race
children from GI’s as social outcasts (p. 78)
The systematic
creation of social outcasts feeds the cycles through which which militaries
and tourist industry conscript expendable/disposable bodies into the service
of patriarchal conceptions of men’s sexual “needs”
CHOICE
assumes that ADULTS are acting according to their FREE WILL – What “choice”
is involved for a child sold into sexual slavery, or for an adult woman who
sees no other option for her survival? And what is the relation between prostitution
in non-militarized zones, the patriarchal ideologies of gender the define
men’s sexual “needs” as “natural” and women’s
sex outside of marriage as “Fallen,” and the militarized prostitution
industry?
Evolution
of male-order bride companies and the import/export business of selling
women’s bodies
--
and if I put myself up for sale, what kind of choice am I exercising (when
the system of sale pre-exists me – to choose to maneuver myself
to the best owner/buyer rather than passively wait for less desirable
owner/buyer
Who makes
MONEY from the sale of women’s and children’s bodies for sex?
Child
Prostitution statistics:
To calculate
and cope, to strategize for best position, not passive, but also not to be
confused with power/ empowerment (74 – 75)
STATUS OF FORCES AGREEMENT:
Diplomatic
immunity for troops
Comfort
women and similarity between American and Japanese organization of sex
for soldiers
· Male elite control and regulate women’s bodies to wage
global war